Glutaredoxin proteins from E. coli isoforms were compared in terms of energy frustration.

Glutaredoxin (GRXs) protein plays a vital role inside the cell, including redox control of transcription to the cell's antioxidant defense, apoptosis, and cellular differentiation regulation. In this study, we have investigated the energy landscape and characterized the pattern of local frustration in different forms and states of the GRX protein ofE. coli.Analysis was done on the conformational alterations, significant changes in the frustration pattern, and different GRXs such as GRX-II, GRX-III, GRX-II-GSH, and GRX-III-GSH complex. We have found the practice of frustration, and structure was quite similar in the same isoform having different states of protein; however, a significant difference was observed between different isoforms. Moreover, oxidation of GRX-I introduced an extra α-helix increasing the destabilizing interactions within the protein. The study of frustrated contacts on oxidized and reduced GRX and with bound and unbound Glutathione indicates its potential application in activating and regulating the behavior of GRXs.

The effect of photodynamic therapy on the salivary flow rate, IgA concentration and C-reactive protein levels in active smokers: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the salivary flow rate, secretory immunoglobulin A, and C-reactive protein levels in active smokers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The present study is a prospective case-control study. Twenty active smokers were allocated to two groups randomly of ten participants each: the experimental group was irradiated while the control was exposed to sham irradiation by turning off the equipment. In the experimental group, methylene blue mediated PDT was applied both intra- and extra-orally over the major and minor salivary glands using a diode laser. 780 nm wavelength and 4 J/cm2 of energy were used to irradiate the 10 points of major salivary glands (6 for parotid and 2 for submandibular glands and 2 for sublingual glands). On the other hand, 660 nm was used to apply 10 J/cm2 of energy over the minor salivary glands at numerous points. The samples of the stimulated and unstimulated saliva were collected from both groups to assess the SFR. ELISA method was used to assess the level of salivary IgA levels, statistical analysis was done using a one-way ANOVA, and a p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The results showed a significant increment in salivary and secretory immunoglobulin A levels of subjects undergone photodynamic therapy. C-reactive protein levels were significantly decreased in subjects exposed to irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: The present study concludes that photodynamic therapy significantly improves the salivary flow rate, secretory Immunoglobulin A, and oral health quality of life in smokers. The inflammatory salivary marker C-reactive protein, which is usually raised in smokers, is also reduced.

Sexual dimorphism in odontometric parameters using cone beam CT: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether odontometric parameters using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) would aid in sex estimation by assessing sexual dimorphism of odontometric parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The focused question was whether there is sexual dimorphism in linear and volumetric odontometric parameters when assessed using CBCT. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed to conduct a systematic search until June 2022 in all major databases. Data were extracted regarding the population, size of the sample, age range, teeth analyzed, linear or volumetric measurements, accuracy, and conclusion. The quality of included studies was assessed using (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool. RESULTS: Out of the 3761 studies identified, twenty-nine full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Finally, twenty-three articles (4215 participants) that provided data on odontometrics using CBCT were included in this systematic review. The odontological sex estimation were assessed either linear measurements (n = 13) or volumetric measurements (n = 8) or both (n = 2). Canines were analysed in maximum number of reports (n = 14), followed by incisors (n = 11), molars(n = 10) and premolars(n = 6). Most of the reports (n = 18) confirmed the existence of sexual dimorphism in odontometric parameters when assessed using CBCT. No significant differences in odontometrics between the sexes were noted in some reports (n = 5). The accuracy of sex estimation was assessed in eight investigations, which ranged from 47.8 to 92.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Odontometrics of human permanent dentition using CBCT exhibit a certain degree of sexual dimorphism. Both linear and volumetric measurements of teeth can aid sex estimation.

The inhibitory and anticancer properties of Annona squamosa L. seed extracts.

Although Annona squamosa Linn. (Annonaceae) has been used in traditional medicine and is known to have several pharmacological properties, its impact on EGFR kinase has not been fully investigated. An assay (biochemical) was used to govern the potential of different A. squamosa seed extracts to scavenge free radicals in petroleum ether, acetone, ethanol, and methanol. We also tested A. squamosa leaf extracts for their ability to inhibit the growth of HEK 293, MCF7, and HepG2 cell lines. The PSE, ASE, ESE, and MSE all contained anti-cancer substances like anethole, cyclopentane, 1,1,3-trimethyl, and phosphonate oxide tributyl, according to phytochemical analysis. ESE extracts from A. squamosa seeds have been selected based on free radical generation probabilities, cytotoxicity studies, and phytochemical analysis. Subsequent insilico studies have been conducted, and the results have shown that interactions between compounds present in ESE extracts and the EGFR kinase are what give these compounds their inhibitory effects. Preliminary phytochemical and pharmacological activities were studied and reported. A. squamosa ESE extracts inhibited the growth of MCF7 cells, and a pharmacokinetic study showed that the compounds anethole, cyclopentane, 1,1,3-trimethyl, and phosphonium oxide tributyl had few undesirable side effects. These substances can be used to both prevent and treat cancer diseases.

Addition of transglutaminase enzyme in camel milk yoghurt to increase its sensorial aspects.

Camel milk was obtained from A-block UVAS Ravi Campus Pattoki. After pasteurization at 72 °C (15 sec) it was cooled to 42 °C, then glutathione treated transglutaminase enzyme was added with the concentration of 0.5 g/300 mL, 1 g/300 mL, 1.5 g/300 mL, 2 g/300 mL while control sample with the addition of 1.5 g/300 mL gelatin. Then inoculation of milk was done with standard cultures of Yoghurt Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus at the rate of 2% for 3-4 hours at 42 °C. Samples were stored at 4 °C and were analyzed on 1st day and 28th day of storage. In our findings, there was slight increase in sensorial properties of all the samples. It was also observed that syneresis was reduced with the increase of enzyme quantity.

Prevalence of electronic cigarette usage among medical students in Saudi Arabia - A systematic review.

The systematic review aimed to report the prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) usage among medical students in Saudi Arabia. Electronic databases were searched for scientific research articles published from January 2010 until December 2020. The data search was performed in electronic search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, Embase, Cochrane, and Saudi Digital Library. A total of five research articles that qualified the eligibility criteria were analyzed for qualitative data. The sample size in the included studies ranged from 229 to 1007 participants. The prevalence of e-cigarette usage ranged from 10.6% to 27.7% among medical students in Saudi Arabia. Studies have also reported that the prevalence of e-cigarette usage is higher among the male population in comparison with the female population. The prevalence of e-cigarette usage among medical students in Saudi Arabia is high. Similar to tobacco smoking, e-cigarette usage is a major public health issue and concern among the younger population because they have potential benefits in some and are harmful to some and also it is still unclear whether they are effective for quitting smoking. Regulatory bodies must focus and initiate strict laws and policies to minimize the sales of these products to the younger population. Health promotion strategies need to be developed to reduce the usage of e-cigarettes.

Anti-bacterial activity of essential oils against multidrug-resistant foodborne pathogens isolated from raw milk.

The presence of pathogenic bacteria in food is considered as a primary cause of food-borne illness and food quality deterioration worldwide. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of five essential oils (EOs) against multidrug-resistant foodborne pathogens. In the current study Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella) and the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus were isolated from raw milk and biochemically characterized. The anti-bacterial effect of different antibiotics and EOs (thyme, oregano, lemongrass, mint, and rosemary) was determined using the standard disc diffusion method. The antibiogram study revealed that Gram-negative bacteria were highly resistant to penicillin while Staphylococcus was resistant to streptomycin, amoxicillin, and lincomycin. Moderate resistance was observed to doxycycline, amikacin, enrofloxacin, kanamycin and cefixime. Isolates were found less resistant to gentamycin, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin. EOs showed a broad range of antimicrobial activity against all bacteria except P. aeruginosa. Of these, thyme was more effective against most of the multi-drug resistant bacterial strains and formed the largest zone of inhibition (26 mm) against Escherichia followed by oregano oil (18 mm) against Staphylococcus (p<0.05). Klebsiella spp and Citrobacter spp showed resistance to mint and lemongrass oil respectively. The EOs such as lemongrass, mint and rosemary were less active against all the bacteria. The findings of the recent study suggest the use of EOs as natural antibacterial agents for food preservation.

Larvicidal and repellent activity of N-methyl-1-adamantylamine and oleic acid a major derivative of bael tree ethanol leaf extracts against dengue mosquito vector and their biosafety on natural predator.

Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa belongs to the family Rutaceae is generally known as "bael fruit tree" occuring across the south Asian countries. The current investigation screened the main derivatives from crude ethanolic extracts of the Bael tree leaf and evaluated activity effects on the larvae and adults of Aedes aegypti (L.) Dengue vector mosquito and a non-target aquatic predator. The GC-MS results showed that the peak area was found to be profound in N-methyl-1-adamantaneacetamide (N-M 1a) followed by oleic acid (OA) with 63.08 and 11.43% respectively. The larvicidal activity against the fourth instar larvae and the crude Ex-Am showed prominent mortality rate (93.60%) at the maximum dosage of 100 ppm. The mortality rate of N-M 1a and OA was occurred at 10 ppm (97.73%) and 12 ppm (95.4%). The repellent activity was found to be prominent at crude Ex-Am (50 ppm) as compared to the pure compounds (N-m 1a and OA) with maximum protection time up to 210 min. The non-target screening of Ex-Am, N-M 1a, and OA on mosquito predator Tx. splendens showed that they are scarcely toxic even at the maximum dosage of 1000 ppm (34.13%), 100 ppm (27.3%), and 120 ppm (31.3%) respectively. Thus, the present investigation clearly proved that the crude Ex-Am and their major derivatives Nm 1-a and OA showed their acute larval toxicity as well as potential mosquito repellent against the dengue mosquito and eco-safety against the mosquito predator.

Biophysical and immunological characterization of 2-dRib modified HSA and its implications in diabetes mellitus.

Glycoxidation of protein may lead to develop diabetes. In the present study, different concentrations of 2-deoxy d-ribose (2-dRib) were used to modify human serum albumin (HSA). Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (NBT) assay results showed that yield of the fructosamine content was directly proportional to the concentration of 2-dRib. UV and fluorescence spectroscopy results showed an increment in hyperchromicity and decrease in fluorescence intensity of 2-dRib modified HSA as compared to native HSA. Further secondary structural changes were confirmed by UV-circular dichroism (UV-CD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). To evaluate the immunogenicity of 2-dRib modified HSA, rabbits were immunized with native and 2-dRib modified HSA. Modified HSA sera showed high antibodies titre as compared to native HSA. Moreover, the binding affinity of native and modified HSA with diabetic patient's sera has been evaluated by direct binding ELISA. It was found that diabetic patient's sera showed high binding affinity with the modified HSA as compared to native HSA. On the basis of above findings, it can be concluded that 2-dRib is a potential glycating agent that can cause alteration in HSA structure and make HSA more immunogenic that might play a role in onset and progression of diabetes mellitus and its complications.

Synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide sheets integrated with gold nanoparticles and their applications to adsorptive removal and catalytic reduction of water contaminants.

Here, we report the facile synthesis of graphene oxide-gold (GO-Au) nanocomposites and their use as adsorbents for the removal of toxic industrial dyes from water and as catalysts for the individual and simultaneous reduction of a dye and a nitro compound in aqueous medium. GO sheets were prepared using a modified Hummers method while Au nanoparticles were integrated on GO sheets by reducing Au(iii) ions on the surfaces of GO sheets using sodium citrate as a reducing agent. The prepared composite was characterized with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), elemental dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The GO-Au nanocomposite demonstrated efficient adsorption capacities and recyclability for malachite green (MG) and ethyl violet (EV) dyes. The effects of various experimental parameters including temperature, pH, contact time, and adsorbent dose were studied. From the simulation of experimental data with different adsorption isotherms and kinetic models it was found that the adsorption of both the dyes followed the Freundlich adsorption model and a pseudo-second order kinetic model, respectively. Moreover, the adsorbent showed better recyclability for both dyes without any compromise on the removal efficiency. Similarly, the catalytic performance for the reduction of 2-nitroaniline (2-NA) has been investigated in detail by using the prepared nanocomposite as a catalyst. Most importantly, we reported the simultaneous adsorption of cationic and anionic dyes from water using the prepared nanocomposite as well as the simultaneous catalytic reduction of a mixture of EV and 2-NA. So, considering the facile synthesis process and the efficient removal of a variety of dyes and the catalytic performance this work opens up a tremendous opportunity to bring GO based nanocomposites from experimental research to practically applied materials for wastewater treatment.

Gene mapping in an anophthalmic pedigree of a consanguineous Pakistani family opened new horizons for research.

Clinical anophthalmia is a rare inherited disease of the eye and phenotype refers to the absence of ocular tissue in the orbit of eye. Patients may have unilateral or bilateral anophthalmia, and generally have short palpebral fissures and small orbits. Anophthalmia may be isolated or associated with a broader syndrome and may have genetic or environmental causes. However, genetic cause has been defined in only a small proportion of cases, therefore, a consanguineous Pakistani family of the Pashtoon ethnic group, with isolated clinical anophthalmia was investigated using linkage mapping. A family pedigree was created to trace the possible mode of inheritance of the disease. Blood samples were collected from affected as well as normal members of this family, and screened for disease-associated mutations. This family was analyzed for linkage to all the known loci of clinical anophthalmia, using microsatellite short tandem repeat (STR) markers. Direct sequencing was performed to find out disease-associated mutations in the candidate gene. This family with isolated clinical anophthalmia, was mapped to the SOX2 gene that is located at chromosome 3q26.3-q27. However, on exonic and regulatory regions mutation screening of the SOX2 gene, the disease-associated mutation was not identified. It showed that another gene responsible for development of the eye might be present at chromosome 3q26.3-q27 and needs to be identified and screened for the disease-associated mutation in this family.

Modeling and experimental validation of hydrodynamics in an ultrasonic batch reactor.

Simulation of hydrodynamics in ultrasonic batch reactor containing immobilized enzymes as catalyst is done. A transducer with variable power and constant frequency (24 kHz) is taken as source of ultrasound (US). Simulation comprises two steps. In first step, acoustic pressure field is simulated and in second step effect of this field on particle trajectories is simulated. Simulation results are compared with experimentally determined particle trajectories using PIV Lab (particle image velocimetry). Effect of varying ultrasonic power, positioning and number of ultrasonic sources on particle trajectories is studied. It is observed that catalyst particles tend to orientate according to pattern of acoustic pressure field. An increase in ultrasonic power increases particle velocity and also brings more particles into motion. Simulation results are found to be in agreement with experimentally determined data.

Genetic association analysis of serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) with type 2 diabetes patients of Pakistani population.

AIMS: It is well established that the serotonergic system contributes to the regulation of glucose homeostasis and feeding and therefore it has been presumed to contribute to the biological susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and body-mass index (BMI). 5-HTTLPR is a serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene-linked polymorphic region that regulates the transcriptional activity of 5-HTT. Our aim was to investigate the possible association of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism (L and S alleles) in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene with T2DM and/or higher BMI in Pakistani population. METHODS: In this study, 574 subjects diagnosed with T2DM and 402 unrelated normal controls from the general Pakistani population were genotyped for 5-HTTLPR polymorphism by PCR amplification and agarose gel electrophoresis. The genotyping data (S/S, S/L and L/L) were recorded and analysed statistically using various software and online available tools. RESULTS: In the total sample, patients with type 2 diabetes and controls without diabetes, genotypes were distributed according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and S allele frequency was 61.52% (0.61). There was no statistical association between 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and the development of T2DM in this Pakistani population (p=0.12). CONCLUSIONS: No significant statistical association of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism with type 2 diabetes and obesity in Pakistani population shows that 5-HTTLPR polymorphism is not a major factor in determining type 2 diabetes and obesity in Pakistan.

A prospective study on Adverse Drug Reactions of antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital.

Adverse reactions are the recognized hazards of drug therapy and they can occur with any class of drugs and many studies revealed that the incidence is more in case of antibiotics. The main aim of this study was to detect and analyze Adverse Drug Reactions of antibiotics in inpatients of a tertiary care hospital. A prospective spontaneous reporting study by active and passive methods was carried out for a period of six months. A total of 49 ADRs were reported during the study period with male predominance (53.06%) and geriatric age group. More number of ADRs was from General Medicine and Pediatric departments in which the most affected organ systems were the GIT (38.77%) and the skin (30.61%). The antibiotic classes mostly accounted were cephalosporins (34.69%) followed by fluoroquinolones and others in which type A reactions were more compared to type B and 59.18% of them were predictable. The severity assessment revealed that most of them were moderate (63.26%) followed by mild and severe reactions. Of the reported reactions, 55.10% were definitely preventable and causality assessment was done which showed that 71.42% of the reactions were probable, possible (18.36%), definite (10.20%) and no reactions were unlikely. The study concluded that Adverse Drug Reactions to antibiotics are common and some of them resulted in increased healthcare cost due to the need of some interventions and increased length of hospital stay. The health system should promote the spontaneous reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions to antibiotics, proper documentation and periodic reporting to regional pharmacovigilance centers to ensure drug safety.

Prevalence and assessment of role of SEN virus in acute and chronic hepatitis in India.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: SEN virus (SENV), is a recently discovered single-stranded DNA virus of Annelloviridae family and is believed may play a role in non A-E hepatitis. We conducted this study to identify the prevalence and clinical association of SENV with acute and chronic hepatitis. METHODS: 135 liver disease patients were studied. Extent of liver damage was assessed using the Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score. A-E viruses and HIV were detected by enzyme immunoassay. Nested PCR was performed for detection of SENV and its genotypes D and H. RESULTS: 34 cases (25.18%) were positive for SEN virus DNA, a statistically significant finding (p < 0.01) of which 22 (64%) had acute viral hepatitis, 4 (11.76%) had chronic viral hepatitis, 3 (8.82%) fulminant hepatic failure and 5 (14.70%) cirrhosis. Mean AST was 47.85 IU/L, ALT 51.2 IU/L and INR 1.73, mean MELD score was 18.38 (11 to 24). 17.64% had severely deranged MELD score. SENV-D genotype was detected in 13 (38%) and SENV-H in 19 (58%) cases. SENV-H occurred in both acute (53%) and chronic hepatitis (47%). SENV-D was strongly associated with acute hepatitis (85%). Cirrhotic and FHF cases were SENV-H positive. 12 (44.11%) were co-infected with HBV, 5 (14.7%) with TTV, 4(11.76%) with HEV, 2 (5.88%) with HCV and 5 (14.4%) with HIV. CONCLUSION: Significant prevalence of SENV in hepatitis patients was observed. On the basis of clinical findings and abnormal liver function tests, we conclude that SENV appears to be not only hepatotropic but also capable of liver damage. Higher prevalence of SENV-H in cirrhotics may point to its possible role in the development of cirrhosis.

Emergence of hepatitis B virus genotype f in aligarh region of north India.

Introduction. HBV genotypes and subtypes are useful clinical and epidemiological markers. In this study prevalent HBV genotypes were assessed in relation to serological profile and clinical status. Material & Methods. 107 cases of HBV were genotyped. Detailed clinical history was elicited from them. HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBe, and anti-HBc-IgM were assessed. HBV genotyping was performed using Kirschberg's type specific primers (TSP-PCR), heminested PCR, and Naito's monoplex PCR. Nucleotide sequencing was performed. Results. A total of 97 (91%) were genotyped following the methods of Kirschberg et al./Naito et al. Genotype D was by far the most prevalent genotype 91 (85.04%) in this region. A surprising finding was the detection of genotype F in 5 (4.67%) of our patients. Genotype A strangely was observed only in one case. In 85.7% genotype D was associated with moderate to severe liver disease, 43.9% HBeAg, and 18.7% anti-HBc-IgM positivity. Majority of genotype F (80%) was seen in mild to moderate liver disease. It was strongly associated with HBeAg 60% and 20% anti-HBc-IgM positivity. Conclusion. Emergence of genotype F in India merits further study regarding its clinical implications and treatment modalities. Knowledge about HBV genotypes can direct a clinician towards more informed management of HBV patients.